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hypertensive disease

Pressure measurement in high blood pressure

Hypertension is a chronic disease characterized by a persistent increase in blood pressure to a high number due to a violation of the regulation of blood circulation in the human body. Also, terms like arterial hypertension and high blood pressure are used to refer to this condition.

Medical statistics are such that hypertension is one of the most common diseases today. It usually starts to progress in people after the age of 40, but there is a risk of it progressing at any age. The disease was discovered more and more often in patients of working age. It should be noted that the fair sex suffers several times more often than men. However, hypertension is more serious in men, since they are more prone to developing atherosclerosis of blood vessels.

Blood pressure can rise briefly under heavy mental or physical stress - this is an absolutely normal phenomenon. A prolonged increase in blood pressure is observed in a number of diseases of the kidneys, endocrine glands, as well as during pregnancy. But in this case, hypertension is just one of the symptoms that indicate changes in the organs. In hypertension, an increase in blood pressure is an independent, primary, painful process.

The pathogenesis of hypertension is such that under the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors, the tone of the arteriolar walls in the body increases. As a result, they gradually narrow, and blood flow in the affected vessels is disturbed. During this pathological process, the blood pressure on the walls of the arteries rises, which entails further symptoms.

etiology

The main reason for the progression of hypertension is an increase in the activity of the adrenal sympathetic system. The vasomotor center is located in the human medulla oblongata. From there, certain impulses go along the nerve fibers to the vessel walls, causing the vessels to expand or contract. If this center is in a state of irritation, then only impulses come to the vessels, increasing the tone of their walls. This narrows the lumen of the artery.

Arterial hypertension is characterized by a simultaneous increase in systolic and diastolic pressure. This is observed under the influence of various adverse factors.

Exogenous risk factors:

  • severe nerve strain is the most common cause of arterial hypertension progression;
  • hypodynamia;
  • irrational diet. non-compliance with the diet and eating large amounts of fatty and fried foods;
  • excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages;
  • Smoking;
  • the use of narcotics.

Endogenous risk factors:

  • strained heredity;
  • Obesity;
  • atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries;
  • increased blood viscosity (the heart cannot fully distill it through the vessels);
  • kidney diseases such as nephritis, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis;
  • metabolic disorder;
  • the presence of endocrine pathologies;
  • increased concentration of calcium in the blood;
  • the effect of adrenaline on the heart in stressful situations;
  • increased sodium concentration in the blood.

classification

Throughout the period of study of the disease, scientists have developed more than one classification of hypertension - depending on the patient's appearance, etiology, level of pressure increase, nature of the course and so on. Some have long been outdated, while others, on the contrary, are being used more and more often.

Degree of hypertension (by pressure level):

  • optimal - indicators 120/80;
  • normal - above from 120 to 129, below - from 80 to 84;
  • normal increased - upper indicators - from 130 to 139, lower - from 85 to 89;
  • Hypertension of the 1st degree - SD from 140 to 159, DD - from 90 to 99;
  • Hypertension of the 2nd degree - systolic pressure indicators rise to 160-179 and diastolic to 100-109;
  • Hypertension of the 3rd degree - systolic pressure rises above 140, and diastolic - above 110.

Stages of hypertension according to WHO:

  • Stage 1 hypertension - the pressure increases, but there are no changes in the internal organs. It is also called transient. The pressure stabilizes after a short period of rest;
  • Level 2 or stable. At this stage of hypertension, the pressure is constantly increasing. The target's main organs are affected. During the examination it can be determined that damage to the heart, fundus vessels, kidneys;
  • Stage 3 or sclerotic. This stage of hypertension is characterized not only by a critical increase in DM and DD, but also by pronounced sclerotic changes in the blood vessels of the kidneys, heart, brain and fundus. Dangerous complications develop - stroke, coronary artery disease, angioretinopathy, heart attack and so on.

Forms of the disease (depending on the vessels whose organs are affected):

  • kidney shape;
  • heart shape;
  • brain shape;
  • mixed.

Types of high blood pressure:

  • benign and slow flowing. In this case, the symptoms of the progression of the pathology can appear gradually over 20 years. Both exacerbation and remission phases are observed. The risk of complications is minimal (with timely therapy);
  • malignant. The pressure increases sharply. This form of hypertension is practically untreatable. As a rule, the pathology is accompanied by various diseases of the kidneys.

It is worth noting that with hypertension of 2 degrees and 3, the patient often has hypertensive crises. This is an extremely dangerous condition, not only for human health, but also for his life. Clinicians distinguish the following types of crises:

  • neurovegetative. The patient is hyperactive and very excited. Such symptoms of hypertension are manifested: hyperhidrosis, tremor of the upper extremities, tachycardia and profuse urination;
  • hydropic. In this case, the patient is drowsy and his reactions are inhibited. muscle weakness, swelling of the face and hands, decreased diuresis, persistent increase in blood pressure;
  • convulsive. This option is the most dangerous, since there is a high risk of developing dangerous complications. It is worth noting that it is the least common. It is characterized by such symptoms: convulsions and impaired consciousness. Complication - bleeding in the brain.

symptoms

The symptoms of the disease directly depend on what stage of hypertension is observed in the patient.

neurogenic

An increase in blood pressure is usually observed against the background of severe psychoemotional stress or due to increased physical exertion. At this stage, there may be no signs of the presence of any pathology at all. Sometimes patients complain of heart pain, irritability, headache, tachycardia, and a feeling of heaviness in the back of the head. Indicators of SD and DD are increasing, but they can be easily normalized.

sclerotic

The specified clinical picture is supplemented by the following symptoms:

  • increased headache;
  • Dizziness;
  • feeling of rush of blood to head ;
  • poor sleep;
  • periodic numbness of the fingers on the limbs;
  • quick fatigue;
  • "flies" before the eyes;
  • persistent rise in blood pressure.

It is worth noting that this stage can progress for several years, and patients are active and mobile at the same time. But a violation of the supply of blood to certain organs entails a violation of their function.

ultimate

As a rule, at this stage, doctors diagnose kidney and heart failure as well as a circulatory disorder in the brain. The outcome of the disease, as well as the development of complications, is determined by the form of hypertension. Crises happen often.

With a cardiac form, the patient gradually progresses to heart failure. Appears shortness of breath, pain in the projection of the heart, hepatomegaly, edema. In the shape of a person's brain, severe headaches, visual disturbances bother.

hypertension and childbirth

Hypertension during pregnancy is the most common cause of premature birth or perinatal death of the fetus. Usually, women have high blood pressure before they get pregnant and it just sets in, because having a baby is a kind of stress on the body.

In view of the high risk for mother and unborn child, it is important in the event of a disease diagnosis to determine the exact level of this risk in order to clarify the question of whether to have a further pregnancy or an abortion. Physicians distinguish three degrees of risk (depending on the stage of arterial hypertension):

  • 1 degree of risk - pregnancy complications are minimal, crises rarely develop. Possible angina. In this case, pregnancy is permissible;
  • 2 degree of risk - expressed. Complications occur in 20-50% of cases. A pregnant woman has hypertensive crises, insufficiency of the coronary vessels, hypertension. termination of pregnancy is shown;
  • 3 risk level. Pregnancy complications occur in 50% of cases. Perinatal mortality is observed in 20% of cases. Maybe detachment of the placenta, uremia, circulatory disorders in the brain. Pregnancy poses a threat to the life of the mother, so it is interrupted.

Patients who remain pregnant should definitely see their doctor once a week so that he can monitor their condition. Mandatory treatment for hypertension. It is allowed to use such antihypertensive drugs:

  • antispasmodics;
  • saluretics;
  • sympatholytics;
  • clonidine derivatives;
  • Rauwolfia preparations;
  • ganglioblockers;
  • beta blockers.

To treat the disease during pregnancy, doctors also resort to physiotherapy.

diagnosis

When the first signs of an illness appear, it is important to immediately contact a medical institution to confirm or refute the diagnosis. The sooner this happens, the lower the risk of progression of dangerous complications (damage to the heart, kidneys, brain). During the initial examination, the doctor must measure the pressure on both hands. Elderly patients are also measured while standing. During the diagnosis, it is important to clarify the true cause of the progression of the pathology.

A comprehensive plan to diagnose high blood pressure includes:

  • anamnesis;
  • SMAD;
  • analysis of urine;
  • blood biochemistry;
  • determination of the level of bad cholesterol in the blood;
  • Roentgen;
  • ECG;
  • examination of the fundus;
  • Ultrasonic.

treatment

Treatment of hypertension is carried out in a hospital so that doctors can constantly monitor the patient's condition and, if necessary, adjust the treatment plan. It is important to normalize the patient's daily routine, correct his weight, limit the use of table salt and completely abandon bad habits.

To correct the pressure, the following drugs are prescribed:

  • alpha blockers;
  • beta blockers;
  • calcium channel blockers;
  • diuretics. This group of drugs is especially important because it helps lower the level of sodium in the blood, thereby reducing swelling of the walls of blood vessels.

All these drugs should be taken only as directed by the attending physician. Uncontrolled intake of such funds can only worsen the patient's condition. These drugs are taken according to a specific schedule.

diet

In the treatment of high blood pressure, in addition to taking medication, it is important to follow a special diet. In the case of hypertension, the patient is assigned table number 10. The principles of such a diet:

  • add seafood to the diet;
  • limit salt intake;
  • fractional nutrition;
  • Limit carbohydrates and animal fats in your diet.

The diet for this pathology implies a caveat:

  • Sahara Desert;
  • Bread;
  • Potatoes;
  • Pasta;
  • grain dishes;
  • eggs;
  • animal fat;
  • ghee;
  • sour cream and more.

Diet number 10 is complete and can be maintained for a long time. To improve the taste of dishes, you can add to them:

  • Honey;
  • plums;
  • Vinegar;
  • Jam;
  • cranberries
  • Lemon.

The diet is indicated not only during treatment, but also after it, so as not to provoke a worsening of the condition. It is worth noting that the diet is developed strictly individually for each patient, taking into account the characteristics of his body. An important point - during the diet you need to consume no more than 1. 5 liters of liquid per day.

prevention

Preventing high blood pressure is very simple. The first thing you need to do is normalize your diet and lead an active lifestyle. In order for the vessels to be elastic, you need to eat more vegetables and fruits and drink up to 2 liters of water per day. You can take vitamin supplements. Prevention of hypertension also includes the exclusion of smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Stress should be avoided if possible, since it is one of the provoking factors of the disease. Hypertension prevention should be addressed as early as possible to minimize the risk of developing the disease.